Which principle involves mutual checks among branches to limit each other's powers?

• A. Separation of powers
• B. Federalism
• C. Checks and balances
• D. Popular sovereignty

Answer: (C)

Mutual checks among the branches to limit each other’s powers is the system of checks and balances. The idea is that no single branch—executive, legislative, or judicial—has free rein; each branch has ways to restrain the others and ensure accountability.

Think of it this way: the legislative branch can create laws, but the executive can veto them. If a veto happens, the legislature can sometimes override it with enough votes. The executive appoints judges and other officials, but the legislature must approve many of those appointments. Courts can review laws and executive actions to make sure they align with the Constitution. Additionally, leaders can be impeached and removed from office if they overstep.

This mechanism keeps power from concentrating in one place and helps prevent abuses, making governance more balanced. Separation of powers describes dividing government functions among branches; federalism deals with power between national and state governments; popular sovereignty is about the people as the source of government authority. The principle described by these mutual checks is checks and balances.